This page lists resources for Hindi/Urdu that we have developed in the context of our project.
A Reference Dependency Bank for Complex Predicates
When dealing with languages of South Asia from an NLP perspective, a problem that repeatedly crops up is the treatment of complex predicates. In Ahmed et al. (2012), we present a first approach to the analysis of complex predicates (CPs) in the context of dependency bank development. The efforts originate in theoretical work on CPs done within Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), but are intended to provide a guideline for analyzing different types of CPs in an independent framework. The design of the dependencies is kept parallel to the triples in PARC700 (King et al. 2003) and general enough to account for CP constructions across languages.
On this page, we provide the source text and a graphical overview of the dependency bank, the structures (f-structures and triples) can either be downloaded individually or as a batch file. For questions regarding the dependency bank please contact Miriam Butt (miriam.butt@uni-konstanz.de), Annette Hautli (annette.hautli@uni-konstanz.de) or Sebastian Sulger (sebastian.sulger@uni-konstanz.de.)
Tracy H. King, Richard Crouch, Stefan Riezler, Mary Dalrymple, and Ronald M. Kaplan (2003). The PARC 700 Dependency Bank. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora, held at the 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'03), Budapest.
[Download all f-structures (.zip)]
Causative with intransitive verb:
laRkE nE sEb gir-A-yA boy.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg apple.Masc.Sg.Nom fall-Caus-Perf.Masc.Sg `The boy dropped the apple.'
[Show f-structure in Prolog format]
Causative with transitive verb:
nAdiyah nE yAsIn kO kHAnA kHilAyA Nadya.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat food.Masc.Sg.Nom eat-Caus-Perf.Masc.Sg `Nadya made Yassin eat the food.'
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Permissive with intransitive verb:
yAsIn nE nAdiyah kO kHAns-nE diy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg Nadya.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat cough-Inf.Masc.Sg.Obl give-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin let Nadya cough.'
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Permissive with transitive verb:
nAdiyah nE yAsIn kO kitAb dEkH-nE dI Nadya.Fem.Sg.Obl Erg Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat book.Fem.Sg.Nom see-Inf.Masc.Sg.Obl give-Perf.Fem.Sg `Nadya showed Yassin the book.'
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V+Vlight complex predicate with intransitive verb:
gARI cal paR-I car.Fem.Sg.Nom go fall-Perf.Fem.Sg `The car (suddenly) worked.'
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V+Vlight complex predicate with transitive verb:
laRkA sEb kO kHA gay-A boy.Masc.Sg.Nom apple.Masc.Sg.Nom Acc eat go-Perf.Masc.Sg `The boy ate the apple (completely).'
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N+V complex predicate without agreement:
yAsIn nE sabaq yAd kiy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg lesson.Masc.Sg.Nom memory.Fem.Sg.Nom do-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin remembered the lesson.'
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N+V complex predicate with agreement:
meNDak nE biccHU sE bah2as2 k-I frog.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg scorpion.Masc.Sg.Obl Inst debate.Fem.Sg.Nom do-Perf.Fem.Sg `The frog debated with the scorpion.'
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N+V complex predicate with dative subject:
nAdiyah kO hATHI sE Dar lagA Nadya.Sg.Obl Dat elephant.Sg.Obl Instr fear.Masc.Sg.Nom attach-Perf.Masc.Sg `Nadya was frightened by the elephant.'
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Resultative Adj+V without argument:
yAsIn nE mEz s3Af k-I Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg table.Fem.Sg.Nom clean do-Perf.Fem.Sg `Yassin cleaned the table.'
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Resultative Adj+V complex predicate:
yAsIn nE SISE kO kHiRkI sE alag kiy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg glass.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat window.Fem.Sg.Obl Inst separate do-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin removed the glass from the window.'
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Resultative complex predicate with noun:
nAdiyah nE cUhE kO billI samjH-A Nadya.Fem.Sg.Obl Erg rat.Masc.Sg.Obl Acc cat.Fem.Sg.Nom understand-Perf.Masc.Sg `Nadya took the rat for a cat.'
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Combination: N+V complex predicate + light verb ([N-V]-LV):
yAsIn nE sabaq yAd kar liy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg lesson.Masc.Sg.Nom memory.Fem.Sg.Nom do take-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin remembered the lesson (completely).'
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Combination: [Verb+Causative]+Permissive complex predicate:
yAsIn nE laRkE kO gHar ban-A-nE diy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg boy.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat house.Masc.Sg.Nom become-Caus-Inf.Masc.Sg.Obl give-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin let the boy build a house.'
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Combination: [Verb+LV]+Permissive complex predicate:
yAsIn nE laRkE kO sO jA-nE diy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg boy.Masc.Sg.Obl Dat sleep go-Inf.Masc.Sg.Obl give-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin let the boy sleep (completely).'
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Modal construction - no complex predicate:
yAsIn kitAb paRH sak-t-A he Yassin.Masc.Sg.Nom book.Fem.Sg.Nom read can-Impf-Masc.Sg Aux.Pres.3.Sg `Yassin can read a book.'
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Passive construction - no complex predicate:
kitAb paRH-I gay-I book.Fem.Sg.Nom read-Perf.Fem.Sg go-Perf-Fem.Sg `The book was read.'
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N+V sequence - no complex predicate:
yAsIn nE kAm kiy-A Yassin.Masc.Sg.Obl Erg work.Masc.Sg.Nom do-Perf.Masc.Sg `Yassin did the work.'
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Progressive auxiliary - no complex predicate:
nAdiyah yAsIn kO mAr rah-I he Nadya.Fem.Sg.Obl Yassin.Obl.Masc.Sg Acc hit-Caus stay-Perf.Fem.Sg be-Pres.Sg `Nadya keeps hitting Yassin.'
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Stacked auxiliaries - no complex predicate:
nAdiyah bOl-tI cal-I jA rah-I he Nadya.Fem.Sg.Obl talk-Impf.Fem.Sg walk-Perf.Fem.Sg go.Bare stay-Perf.Fem.Sg be-Pres.Sg `Nadya is talking (continuously, over and over again, over a long period of time).'
