English Simplified Version of first lines of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. 



A single rich man must+Mod want+MV a wife.  "My dear Mr. Bennet," said+MV his

wife to him one day, "have+Aux.Asp you heard+MV that Netherfield Park is+MV sold?"


Detailed information about verbs:


must --- Modal verb, takes a nominative subject and a non-finite clause ("want a wife") 


say --- Verb of Communication, takes a nominative subject, oblique PP ("to him") and a finite clause ("have you heard … sold"). 


hear --- Verb of Perception, takes a nominative subject and a finite clause ("that Netherfield Park is sold") 


be --- Verb of Existence or Copula Verb, takes a nominative subject and a property, which is an adjective in this case. 


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Nepali 

------


"A single rich man must+Mod want+MV a wife. My dear Mr. Bennet",

                        

"eutta abibahit dhani manche lai    [shirmati ko       khacho]   huNcha. 

 a      single  rich  man    Dative wife      Genitive  requirement  be.Pres.


Verbal Complex:   khacho      huNcha

                  requirement be.Pres


Literally: A requirement of a wife is to a rich man.  


Nepali:  modality of necessity is expressed via Noun+Verb `be' 

         person who needs something:   dative 

thing needed: genitive 



South Asian in general:  modality of necessity is expressed via Noun+Verb `be' 

                         person who needs something:  often in the dative 

        thing needed:  usually in normal object case 



Alternative translation:


ek abibaahit dhani maanche-le swasni caha-nu  par-cha

one single rich man-ERG wife want-INF fall-3SG.PRES

MV       Modal.Must


want:  person wanting: Ergative 

thing needed: normal object marking (unmarked)


must:  combines with a verb in the infinitive 


South Asian:  if there is an active agent wanting something:  often in ergative


Ergative:  for volitional, desired actions

Dative/Genitive:  for experiences, necessity


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Urdu


Aik kanwarey amir admi ko     [bivi ki       lazmun zaroorat]  hoti   hai. 

one single rich man  Dative  wife Genitive.F.Sg necessary  necessity  be.Impf.F.Sg be.Pres.3.Sg

Noun     V            Aux.Tense



Necessity:  expressed via a N+V combination, N+`be' 

person needing something is dative

thing needed is genitive



Aik din Mr. Bennet ki bivi ne Mr. Bennet ko kah-a, 

one day    Genitive.F.Sg wife Ergative Dative say-Perf.M.Sg

MV



 kia   aap ne sunna ke NederLand park [bik  ga-ya        hai]?

 what  you.Hon Ergative  hear  that               be.sold  go-Perf.M.Sg be.Pres.3.Sg

                   MV        MV    Light Verb   Aux.Tense


say, Verb of Communication, takes an ergative subject, a dative goal (Mr. Bennet) and a finite clause


hear, Verb of Perception, takes an ergative subjects and a finite clause 


be.sell, takes a nominative subject (is an intransitive unaccusative verb)




------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pashto


Yaw laghaR mAldAr saRi    tA  da yawe    xaze     zururat wi

one single rich   man.Obl for a  one.Obl wife.Obl need    be.Pres



Need: expressed via N+be

person needing:  postposition 'for' (like dative)

thing needed:  in oblique object "case"



yawA  waraz da   haghe xaze haghe ta     wuwael

one.F day.F this that  wife him   to/for say.Past

  MV 




ta  awridali    di      chi nedarfilD pArk [xarTs Sawe de?"]

you hear.Perf.F be.Past that sold  become   be.Past

    MV          Aux.Tns MV    LV       Aux.Tns


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Sinhala


Thanikada dhanawath pudgalayekuta  birindak  athy-awasyaya

single    rich      person for/to  wife.a    must-want


Modal: expressed via morphology on main verb

person wanting/needing is "dative" 

       thing wanted is normal object marking (unmarked)




[Nederfield uyana vikuna      athi=bawa ]   dannawa-da?”

      park  sell.Past  Confirm       know-Question.Particle

                     MV      Auxiliary(?)    MV



Matrix Verb:  know

embedded clause:  "that the park was sold" 


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tamil



thniththrukkum 

single 


panakkAran

rich man


ovvoruvanukkum

every.person


manaivi

wife


oruththi

one.Fem


avaciya-ppadukiral

must-want.F

MV+Modal+Tense


----

[

Netherfield


thOttam

estate


vitpanaiyAkivittathaik

sell.Past.Confirmed

]


kElvippattIrklA?”

hear.Question.Past